What does PE stand for?

Last week the Defence Forces, on a peace enforcement mission in neighbouring Chad, expressed concern that the indictment of President Al- Bashir could spark fresh violence across the region.

Under Eufor the peace enforcement troops have a UN mandate to protect displaced civilians in Chad and refugees from neighbouring Sudan.

Members of the Alaska Army National Guard 1st Battalion, 207th Aviation Regime left Monday for a year-long peacekeeping and peace enforcement mission to Kosovo.

He concludes that the United Nations' attempt to conduct peacekeeping but not peace enforcement limits the effectiveness of missions and allows aggressors and warlords to carry on war, atrocities, and ethnic cleansing with impunity.

The book draws a number of lessons from UN efforts: money and manpower demands almost always exceed supply; controversial missions leave legacies of "risk aversion"; compliant neighbours, a competent Government and a clear-end State can contribute to a successful outcome; UN participation in settlement negotiations can facilitate smooth transition; democratization requires long-term engagement; incorporation of insurgent groups into the political process is essential for democratic transition; and while the United Nations can successfully conduct peace enforcement missions with support from major powers, lack of such support can undermine any UN operations.

Mgbeoji correctly notes that the Security Council practically abdicated its monopoly on mandating peace enforcement actions with serious results for the global order.

The high end of the spectrum of peace operations includes the most challenging tasks, and for the forces engaged peace enforcement can prove much the same as warfare.

Some are home-grown, such as the voodoo men and fixers, some imported, such as Dan Brown, "Insurance Detective", and Captain Max of US Special Forces, a practitioner of the Wyatt Earp school of peace enforcement.